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Saturday, May 4, 2019

In The Distant Kingdom Of Jupiter


In The Distant Kingdom Of Jupiter


Jupiter is named for the king of the ancient Roman gods (Greek Zeus), and it is circled by an entourage of 79 known moons. Planetary scientists are particularly interested in the quartet of large Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, that were discovered by the great Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei in 1610, and were named in his honor.
Jupiter’s gaseous cloud tops, composed of ammonia and water, are a complicated, beautiful, and intricate strange sea of swirls and stripes that are actually very windy and frigid. These beautiful clouds float in an atmosphere composed of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter’s famous Great Red Spot is really a giant hurricane-like vortex storm that is larger than Earth. This crimson storm has roared for hundreds of years.
Jupiter also has a system composed of several rings. Unlike the famous rings of Saturn, however, Jupiter’s rings are dim and dusty, and not made up of the ice particles that jitter-bug around in Saturn’s gossamer rings.
From an average distance of 484 million miles, Jupiter is situated 5.2 astronomical units (AU) from our Sun. One AU is equal to the mean distance between our planet and the Sun, which is approximately 93,000,000 miles. From this distance, in our Solar System’s outer domain, it takes the light streaming out from our Sun about 43 minutes to make the journey from our Star to Jupiter.
Jupiter has the shortest day of any planet in our Solar System. A single day on Jupiter lasts only about 10 hours, which represents the time it takes for Jupiter to rotate or spin around once on its axis. Jupiter travels one complete orbit around our Star in about 12 Earth years–or 4.333 Earth days.
In The Distant Kingdom Of Jupiter
The equator of our Solar System’s banded giant is tilted, with respect to its orbital path around our Sun, by only 3 degrees. This means that Jupiter spins in a nearly upright position, and it does not experience seasons that are as extreme as the other major planets of our Sun’s family.
Our Solar System formed more than 4.5 billion years ago when a relatively small, very dense blob–embedded within the folds of a molecular cloud— collapsed under the merciless pull of its own gravity. These dark, frigid, enormous, and lovely molecular clouds haunt our Milky Way Galaxy in large numbers, and they are the strange cradles where baby stars are born. Billowing, undulating, and veiled in blackness, these clouds are composed mostly of gas with a smaller amount of very fine smoke-like dust. As the dense, relatively small blob undergoes this relentless gravitational collapse, most of its material gathers at the center and ignites as the result of the process of nuclear fusion–and a star is born. What is left of the blob swirls and whirls around the newborn protostar, and evolves into what is called a protoplanetary accretion disk. The rotating disk of gas and dust does a mesmerizing dance around the baby star. This type of disk orbited our newborn Sun, and the very tiny particles of naturally “sticky” dust within it, collided and “glued” themselves to one another to create bigger things. Eventually, a vast population of planetesimals formed from this dusty rubble. The planetesimals then went on to collide and merge together to form the eight major planets of our Solar System.
When Jupiter was born, it might have become a star. However, it never made it. The energy hurled out by the infalling material made Jupiter’s interior grow searing-hot, and the larger it grew, the hotter it became. Finally, when the material gobbled up from the surrounding, turbulent disk was used up, Jupiter may have sported the impressive mass of more than 10 times what it now has. It is also likely that Jupiter had a central temperature of a broiling 50,000 Kelvin, and a bright luminosity that was about 1% as great as that of our Sun.
However, if Jupiter had been born somewhat heavier, it would have grown ever hotter, and hotter, and hotter, as it shrunk in size–until its nuclear-fusing furnace caught fire, and it became a star. If this had occurred, our Sun would have had a binary companion star, and we would not be here. Most of the stars inhabiting our Galaxy exist in systems that contain two or more sibling stars. 480p & 720p mkv movie download 2018
Nevertheless, the planet Jupiter is like a star in its composition. Like our own Sun, it is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, and deep in its mysterious and alien atmosphere, pressures and temperatures increase. This increase compresses the hydrogen gas into a liquid. This gives Jupiter the distinction of possessing the largest ocean in our entire Solar System–an ocean made up of liquid hydrogen instead of water. Astronomers think that, at depths approximately halfway to the Jovian center, the pressure grows so great that electrons are squeezed off from the hydrogen atoms, thus turning the liquid into an electrically conducting substance like metal. Jupiter’s rapid rotation is believed to drive electrical currents in this strange and alien region, thus generating the planet’s strong magnetic field. However, it is still unknown if, deeper down, Jupiter contains a central solid core–or if, instead, it harbors a searing-hot, thick, and dense soup. Planetary scientists think that Jupiter’s core could be up to 90,032 degrees Fahreheit at these depths, and be made mostly of iron and silicate minerals akin to quartz.
Gas-giants like Jupiter do not have a true surface like our Earth and other solid planets. Jupiter, like others of its kind, is primarily a big ball of swirling gases and liquids. A spacecraft could not land on Jupiter, but it couldn’t safely fly through the gases of this banded behemoth either. The extreme and highly destructive pressures and temperatures deep within the planet would fatally crush, melt, and vaporize any spacecraft dispatched to fly into this very alien giant world.
Jupiter’s appearance is an intricate tapestry woven of strange spots and clown-colored bands. This gaseous world is thought to contain a trio of cloud layers in its “skies” that, when taken together, span approximately 44 miles. The uppermost cloud is thought to be made up of ammonia ice, while the middle cloud is composed of ammonium sulfide crystals. The innermost Jovian cloud layer is possibly made up of water ice and vapor.
The vivid clown-like hues that compose Jupiter’s thick bands are thought to be plumes of sulfur and phosphorus-containing gases that are rising up from the planet’s much warmer interior.
Because Jupiter has no solid surface to slow them down, its whirling spots can linger for many years. This colorful, bizarre world is savaged by rushing, rampaging winds, some reaching impressive speeds of up to 335 miles per hour at the equator. The famous Jovian Great Red Spot is a whirling, swirling oval composed of clouds, and it has been observed for more than three centuries. However, more recently, a trio of smaller ovals were observed to merge–and then create–what is now known as the Little Red Spot. This smaller crimson storm is about 50% the size of it larger red-hued sibling. Planetary scientists do not as yet know if these oval spots and planet-circling clown-colored bands are shallow or reach deeply into the mysterious Jovian interior.
The Jovian environment is probably inhospitable to life as we know it. The pressures, temperatures, and materials that are found on this strange world are probably too extreme and volatile to create a comfortable environment for delicate life-forms.
In contrast, some of Jupiter’s moons could possibly be comfortable small worlds where life could form and flourish. Indeed, Jupiter’s icy, cracked-eggshell Galilean moon, Europa, is just such a promising small world. There are signs that a vast global ocean sloshes around beneath Europa’s shattered icy crustal shell, where aquatic forms of life could possibly swim comfortably and flourish.

Sunday, April 28, 2019








Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison Biography

Inventor (1847–1931)
Inventor Thomas Edison created such great innovations as the practical incandescent electric light bulb and the phonograph. A savvy businessman, he held more than 1,000 patents for his inventions.


Who Was Thomas Edison?

Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 to October 18, 1931) was an American inventor who is considered one of America's leading businessmen. Edison rose from humble beginnings to work as an inventor of major technology, including the first commercially viable incandescent light bulb. He is credited today for helping to build America's economy during the Industrial Revolution. 

What Did Thomas Edison Invent?

Thomas Edison’s inventions included the telegraph, the universal stock ticker, the phonograph, the first commercially practical incandescent electric light bulb, alkaline storage batteries and the Kinetograph (a camera for motion pictures). 

When and Where Was Thomas Edison Born?

Inventor Thomas Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio. 

Family

Thomas Edison was the youngest of seven children of Samuel and Nancy Edison. His father was an exiled political activist from Canada, while his mother was an accomplished school teacher and a major influence in Thomas’ early life. 


Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison

Childhood and Education

An early bout with scarlet fever as well as ear infections left Edison with hearing difficulties in both ears as a child and nearly deaf as an adult. Edison would later recount, with variations on the story, that he lost his hearing due to a train incident in which his ears were injured. But others have tended to discount this as the sole cause of his hearing loss.
In 1854, Edison’s family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, where he attended public school for a total of 12 weeks. A hyperactive child, prone to distraction, he was deemed "difficult" by his teacher. 
His mother quickly pulled him from school and taught him at home. At age 11, he showed a voracious appetite for knowledge, reading books on a wide range of subjects. In this wide-open curriculum Edison developed a process for self-education and learning independently that would serve him throughout his life.
At age 12, Edison convinced his parents to let him sell newspapers to passengers along the Grand Trunk Railroad line. Exploiting his access to the news bulletins teletyped to the station office each day, Thomas began publishing his own small newspaper, called the Grand Trunk Herald. The up-to-date articles were a hit with passengers. This was the first of what would become a long string of entrepreneurial ventures where he saw a need and capitalized on the opportunity.
Edison also used his access to the railroad to conduct chemical experiments in a small laboratory he set up in a train baggage car. During one of his experiments, a chemical fire started and the car caught fire. The conductor rushed in and struck Thomas on the side of the head, probably furthering some of his hearing loss. He was kicked off the train and forced to sell his newspapers at various stations along the route.

Edison the Telegrapher

While Edison worked for the railroad, a near-tragic event turned fortuitous for the young man. After Edison saved a three-year-old from being run over by an errant train, the child’s grateful father rewarded him by teaching him to operate a telegraph. By age 15, he had learned enough to be employed as a telegraph operator. 
For the next five years, Edison traveled throughout the Midwest as an itinerant telegrapher, subbing for those who had gone to the Civil War. In his spare time, he read widely, studied and experimented with telegraph technology, and became familiar with electrical science.
In 1866, at age 19, Edison moved to Louisville, Kentucky, working for The Associated Press. The night shift allowed him to spend most of his time reading and experimenting. He developed an unrestricted style of thinking and inquiry, proving things to himself through objective examination and experimentation. 
Initially, Edison excelled at his telegraph job because early Morse code was inscribed on a piece of paper, so Edison's partial deafness was no handicap. However, as the technology advanced, receivers were increasingly equipped with a sounding key, enabling telegraphers to "read" message by the sound of the clicks. This left Edison disadvantaged, with fewer and fewer opportunities for employment.
In 1868, Edison returned home to find his beloved mother was falling into mental illness and his father was out of work. The family was almost destitute. Edison realized he needed to take control of his future. 
Upon the suggestion of a friend, he ventured to Boston, landing a job for the Western Union Company. At the time, Boston was America's center for science and culture, and Edison reveled in it. In his spare time, he designed and patented an electronic voting recorder for quickly tallying votes in the legislature. 
However, Massachusetts lawmakers were not interested. As they explained, most legislators didn't want votes tallied quickly. They wanted time to change the minds of fellow legislators.

Thomas Edison: Inventions

In 1869, at 22 years old, Edison moved to New York City and developed his first invention, an improved stock ticker called the Universal Stock Printer, which synchronized several stock tickers' transactions. The Gold and Stock Telegraph Company was so impressed, they paid him $40,000 for the rights. With this success, he quit his work as a telegrapher to devote himself full-time to inventing.
By the early 1870s, Thomas Edison had acquired a reputation as a first-rate inventor. In 1870, he set up his first small laboratory and manufacturing facility in Newark, New Jersey, and employed several machinists. 
As an independent entrepreneur, Edison formed numerous partnerships and developed products for the highest bidder. Often that was Western Union Telegraph Company, the industry leader, but just as often, it was one of Western Union's rivals. 
In one such instance, Edison devised for Western Union the quadruplex telegraph, capable of transmitting two signals in two different directions on the same wire, but railroad tycoon Jay Gould snatched the invention from Western Union, paying Edison more than $100,000 in cash, bonds and stock, and generating years of litigation.
In 1876, Edison moved his expanding operations to Menlo Park, New Jersey, and built an independent industrial research facility incorporating machine shops and laboratories. That same year, Western Union encouraged him to develop a communication device to compete with Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. He never did. 
However, in December of 1877, Edison developed a method for recording sound: the phonograph. Though not commercially viable for another decade, the invention brought him worldwide fame. 

Thomas Edison's Light Bulb

While Thomas Edison was not the inventor of the first light bulb, he came up with the technology that helped bring it to the masses. Edison was driven to perfect a commercially practical, efficient incandescent light bulb following English inventor Humphry Davy’s invention of the first early electric arc lamp in the early 1800s. 
Over the decades following Davy’s creation, scientists such as Warren de la Rue, Joseph Wilson Swan, Henry Woodward and Mathew Evans had worked to perfect electric light bulbs or tubes using a vacuum but were unsuccessful in their attempts. 
After buying Woodward and Evans' patent and making improvements in his design, Edison was granted a patent for his own improved light bulb in 1879. He began to manufacture and market it for widespread use. In January 1880, Edison set out to develop a company that would deliver the electricity to power and light the cities of the world. 
That same year, Edison founded the Edison Illuminating Company—the first investor-owned electric utility—which later became the General Electric Corporation. In 1881, he left Menlo Park to establish facilities in several cities where electrical systems were being installed. In 1882, the Pearl Street generating station provided 110 volts of electrical power to 59 customers in lower Manhattan. 

Later Inventions & Business

In 1887, Edison built an industrial research laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey, which served as the primary research laboratory for the Edison lighting companies. He spent most of his time there, supervising the development of lighting technology and power systems. He also perfected the phonograph, and developed the motion picture camera and the alkaline storage battery.
Over the next few decades, Edison found his role as inventor transitioning to one as industrialist and business manager. The laboratory in West Orange was too large and complex for any one man to completely manage, and Edison found he was not as successful in his new role as he was in his former one. 
Edison also found that much of the future development and perfection of his inventions was being conducted by university-trained mathematicians and scientists. He worked best in intimate, unstructured environments with a handful of assistants and was outspoken about his disdain for academia and corporate operations.
During the 1890s, Edison built a magnetic iron-ore processing plant in northern New Jersey that proved to be a commercial failure. Later, he was able to salvage the process into a better method for producing cement. On April 23, 1896, Edison became the first person to project a motion picture, holding the world's first motion picture screening at Koster & Bial's Music Hall in New York City.
As the automobile industry began to grow, Edison worked on developing a suitable storage battery that could power an electric car. Though the gasoline-powered engine eventually prevailed, Edison designed a battery for the self-starter on the Model T for friend and admirer Henry Ford in 1912. The system was used extensively in the auto industry for decades.
During World War I, the U.S. government asked Thomas Edison to head the Naval Consulting Board, which examined inventions submitted for military use. Edison worked on several projects, including submarine detectors and gun-location techniques. However, due to his moral indignation toward violence, he specified that he would work only on defensive weapons, later noting, "I am proud of the fact that I never invented weapons to kill."
By the end of the 1920s, Thomas Edison was in his 80s. He and his second wife, Mina, spent part of their time at their winter retreat in Fort Myers, Florida, where his friendship with automobile tycoon Henry Ford flourished and he continued to work on several projects, ranging from electric trains to finding a domestic source for natural rubber.

Patents

During his lifetime, Edison received 1,093 U.S. patents and filed an additional 500 to 600 that were unsuccessful or abandoned. He executed his first patent for his Electrographic Vote-Recorder on October 13, 1868, at the age of 21. His last patent was for an apparatus for holding objects during the electroplating process. 

Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla

Edison became embroiled in a longstanding rivalry with Nikola Tesla, an engineering visionary with academic training who worked with Edison's company for a time. The two parted ways in 1885 and would publicly clash about the use of direct current electricity, which Edison favored, vs. alternating currents, which Tesla championed. Tesla then entered into a partnership with George Westinghouse, an Edison competitor, resulting in a major business feud over electrical power. 

Elephant Killing

One of the unusual - and cruel - methods Edison used to convince people of the dangers of alternating current was through public demonstrations where animals were electrocuted. One of the most infamous of these shows was the 1903 electrocution of a circus elephant named Topsy on New York's Coney Island. 

Edison’s Wives and Children

In 1871 Edison married 16-year-old Mary Stilwell, who was an employee at one of his businesses. During their 13-year marriage, they had three children, Marion, Thomas and William, who himself became an inventor. In 1884, Mary died at the age of 29 of a suspected brain tumor. In 1886, Edison married Mina Miller, 19 years his junior.

When Did Thomas Edison Die?

Thomas Edison died of complications of diabetes on October 18, 1931, in his home, Glenmont, in West Orange, New Jersey. He was 84 years old. Many communities and corporations throughout the world dimmed their lights or briefly turned off their electrical power to commemorate his passing. 

Edison’s Legacy

Edison's career was the quintessential rags-to-riches success story that made him a folk hero in America. An uninhibited egoist, he could be a tyrant to employees and ruthless to competitors. Though he was a publicity seeker, he didn’t socialize well and often neglected his family. 

But by the time he died, Edison was one of the most well-known and respected Americans in the world. He had been at the forefront of America’s first technological revolution and set the stage for the modern electric world.

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Hi I am ur friend talking to u

Are you "friends” with your ex-girlfriend?
Maybe your ex suggested it would be a good idea to
be friends…

…or maybe you think it's "better than nothing” if
the alternative is losing her forever.
WRONG!

Being friends with your ex is actually almost
always a bad idea and a recipe for additional (and
unnecessary) heartache.

That's especially true if you want to get your ex
back, but it's even true if you're ready to move
on and don't want to get back together.

And although the "friend zone” is a terrible place
to be with your ex, so many people fall for this
trap because it's such a tempting idea.

I mean, your ex is giving you an option that
allows you to maintain contact with the person
you've loved for some time and, in theory, this
will allow you to move on gently and slowly
without the intense feelings of loneliness that
often accompany a breakup.

After all, if you can slowly wean yourself off
those romantic feelings rather than going "cold
turkey” and shutting down all contact with her,
isn't that a better option?

But the problem is that even though it often seems
like a perfect compromise, being friends usually
provides very little comfort and actually makes
the process of moving on longer and more difficult
than it needs to be.

AND… even more importantly… it will ruin your
chances of winning your ex back!
There are a few other huge problems with agreeing
to be friends with your ex if you want to win her
back:

1.) It won't give her a chance to develop feelings
of nostalgia and she won't miss you as much. One
of the key ingredients to repairing a relationship
is that your ex needs to miss you like crazy. How
do you make someone miss you? Simple: disappear
from their life suddenly and completely, shutting
down all lines of communication. By maintaining a
friendship with your ex, it's impossible to really
effectively disappear from their radar and make
her miss you.

2.) It gives complete control of the situation to
your ex. Another key to winning back your ex is to
make it clear that you are still equal with her
even though she's decided to break up with you.
You need to make it known that you're not a
pushover and that if your ex isn't interested in a
romantic relationship, then she's cut from your
life altogether.

3.) You serve as a "safety net” for your ex while
they look for someone new. Do you want to be your
ex's confidante while she tells you about her new
lovers? Do you want to be her backup plan in case
things don't work out with the new romance she's
pursuing? Of course not. You have to make it
absolutely clear to your ex that if she chooses to
break up with you, she's on his own and can't come
running back to you if she finds the single life a
bit less fun than she imagined it would be.
In reality, there really isn't any scenario where
being friends (at least for the first few months)
after a breakup is possible.

If you've already agreed to be "friends” with your
ex and got yourself stuck in the "friend zone,”
calm down…. you can still undo this mistake and
win her back (but only if you take action ASAP!).
The first step is to watch this complimentary
video by world-renowned breakup guru Brad
Browning: == > "Be 'friends' with your ex?”

In fact, even if you haven't yet agreed to be
friends with your ex, you should still take 5
minutes to watch that video…. it will teach you a
few little-known techniques to re-wire your ex's
feelings and make her want you back. Just click
this link:

==> "Why you can't be 'friends' with her” <==
Regards,
HowtoApproachher.com
PS. Thank me later… ??